PLC是以微處理器為基礎(chǔ)，綜合了計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)，用面向控制過(guò)程面向用戶的“自然語(yǔ)言”編程，適應(yīng)工業(yè)環(huán)境，簡(jiǎn)單易懂、操作方便、可靠性高的新一代通用工業(yè)控制裝置。PLC是在繼電器順序控制基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的以微處理器為核心的通用自動(dòng)控制裝置。

可編程序控制器是一種數(shù)字運(yùn)算操作電子系統(tǒng)，專(zhuān)為在工業(yè)環(huán)境下應(yīng)用而設(shè)計(jì)。它采用了可編程序的存儲(chǔ)器，用來(lái)在其內(nèi)部存儲(chǔ)執(zhí)行邏輯運(yùn)算、順序控制、定時(shí)、計(jì)數(shù)和算術(shù)運(yùn)算等操作指令，并通過(guò)數(shù)字的、模擬的輸入和輸出，控制各種類(lèi)型的機(jī)械或生產(chǎn)過(guò)程。可編程序控制器及其有關(guān)的外圍設(shè)備，都應(yīng)按易于與工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)形成一個(gè)整體、易于擴(kuò)充其功能的原則設(shè)計(jì)。

PLC產(chǎn)品種類(lèi)繁多，其規(guī)格和性能也各不相同。對(duì)于PLC，通常根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)形式的不同、功能的差異和I/O點(diǎn)數(shù)的多少等進(jìn)行大致分類(lèi)。

按結(jié)構(gòu)形式分類(lèi)

根據(jù)PLC的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，可將PLC分為整體式和模塊式兩類(lèi)。

整體式PLC

整體式PLC是將電源、CPU、I/O接口等部件都集中裝在一個(gè)機(jī)箱內(nèi)，如圖所示。具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、體積小、價(jià)格低的特點(diǎn)。小型PLC一般采用這種整體式結(jié)構(gòu)。整體式PLC由不同I/O點(diǎn)數(shù)的基本單元（又稱(chēng)主機(jī)）和擴(kuò)展單元組成，基本單元內(nèi)有CPU、I/O接口、與I/O擴(kuò)展單元相連的擴(kuò)展口以及與編程器或EPROM寫(xiě)入器相連的接口等；擴(kuò)展單元內(nèi)只有I/O和電源等，而沒(méi)有CPU。基本單元和擴(kuò)展單元之間一般用扁平電纜連接。整體式PLC一般還可配備特殊功能單元，如模擬量單元、位置控制單元等，使其功能得以擴(kuò)展。

2）模塊式PLC

模塊式PLC將PLC的各組成部分分別做成若干個(gè)單獨(dú)的模塊，如CPU模塊、I/O模塊、電源模塊（有的含在CPU模塊中）以及各種功能模塊。模塊式PLC由框架或基板和各種模塊組成，模塊裝在框架或基板的插座上，如圖所示。這種模塊式PLC的特點(diǎn)是配置靈活，可根據(jù)需要選配不同規(guī)模的系統(tǒng)，而且裝配方便，便于擴(kuò)展和維修。大、中型PLC一般采用模塊式結(jié)構(gòu)。

還有一些PLC將整體式和模塊式的特點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來(lái)，構(gòu)成所謂的疊裝式PLC。疊裝式PLC的CPU、電源、I/O接口等也是各自獨(dú)立的模塊，但它們之間是靠電纜進(jìn)行連接的，并且各模塊可以一層層地疊裝。這樣，不但系統(tǒng)可以靈活配置，還可做得體積小巧。

2.2.按功能分類(lèi)

根據(jù)PLC的功能不同，可將PLC分為低檔、中檔、。

（1）低檔PLC

低檔PLC具有邏輯運(yùn)算、定時(shí)、計(jì)數(shù)、移位以及自診斷、監(jiān)控等基本功能，還可有少量模擬量輸入/輸出、算術(shù)運(yùn)算、數(shù)據(jù)傳送和比較及通信等功能，主要用于邏輯控制、順序控制或少量模擬量控制的單機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)。

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