PLC是以微處理器為基礎，綜合了計算機技術、自動控制技術和通信技術，用面向控制過程面向用戶的“自然語言”編程，適應工業環境，簡單易懂、操作方便、可靠性高的新一代通用工業控制裝置。PLC是在繼電器順序控制基礎上發展起來的以微處理器為核心的通用自動控制裝置。

可編程序控制器是一種數字運算操作電子系統，專為在工業環境下應用而設計。它采用了可編程序的存儲器，用來在其內部存儲執行邏輯運算、順序控制、定時、計數和算術運算等操作指令，并通過數字的、模擬的輸入和輸出，控制各種類型的機械或生產過程。可編程序控制器及其有關的外圍設備，都應按易于與工業控制系統形成一個整體、易于擴充其功能的原則設計。

PLC產品種類繁多，其規格和性能也各不相同。對于PLC，通常根據其結構形式的不同、功能的差異和I/O點數的多少等進行大致分類。

按結構形式分類

根據PLC的結構形式，可將PLC分為整體式和模塊式兩類。

整體式PLC

整體式PLC是將電源、CPU、I/O接口等部件都集中裝在一個機箱內，如圖所示。具有結構緊湊、體積小、價格低的特點。小型PLC一般采用這種整體式結構。整體式PLC由不同I/O點數的基本單元（又稱主機）和擴展單元組成，基本單元內有CPU、I/O接口、與I/O擴展單元相連的擴展口以及與編程器或EPROM寫入器相連的接口等；擴展單元內只有I/O和電源等，而沒有CPU。基本單元和擴展單元之間一般用扁平電纜連接。整體式PLC一般還可配備特殊功能單元，如模擬量單元、位置控制單元等，使其功能得以擴展。

2）模塊式PLC

模塊式PLC將PLC的各組成部分分別做成若干個單獨的模塊，如CPU模塊、I/O模塊、電源模塊（有的含在CPU模塊中）以及各種功能模塊。模塊式PLC由框架或基板和各種模塊組成，模塊裝在框架或基板的插座上，如圖所示。這種模塊式PLC的特點是配置靈活，可根據需要選配不同規模的系統，而且裝配方便，便于擴展和維修。大、中型PLC一般采用模塊式結構。

還有一些PLC將整體式和模塊式的特點結合起來，構成所謂的疊裝式PLC。疊裝式PLC的CPU、電源、I/O接口等也是各自獨立的模塊，但它們之間是靠電纜進行連接的，并且各模塊可以一層層地疊裝。這樣，不但系統可以靈活配置，還可做得體積小巧。

2.2.按功能分類

根據PLC的功能不同，可將PLC分為低檔、中檔、。

（1）低檔PLC

低檔PLC具有邏輯運算、定時、計數、移位以及自診斷、監控等基本功能，還可有少量模擬量輸入/輸出、算術運算、數據傳送和比較及通信等功能，主要用于邏輯控制、順序控制或少量模擬量控制的單機控制系統。

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